{"id":2543,"date":"2026-04-25T02:51:36","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T02:51:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/04\/25\/de-kiem-tra-hoc-ky-1-vat-ly-12\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T02:51:36","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T02:51:36","slug":"de-kiem-tra-hoc-ky-1-vat-ly-12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/04\/25\/de-kiem-tra-hoc-ky-1-vat-ly-12\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd 12 (c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n) 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"
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B\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 1 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda n\u0103m h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 thi cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd 12 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c \u00f4n t\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c V\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u1edbp 12, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec1\u0111i k\u00e8m l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ebft gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m b\u00e0i v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 \u00f4n t\u1eadp l\u1eabn gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ki\u1ec3m tra \u2013 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

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<\/span>Hvad Troldebet har l\u00e6rt om double chance i dansk sportsbetting<\/span><\/h1>\n

Double chance er en af de mest anvendte spiltyper i dansk sportsbetting, og alligevel er det en satsningsform, som mange spillere aldrig rigtig forst\u00e5r til bunds. Konceptet virker enkelt ved f\u00f8rste \u00f8jekast: man d\u00e6kker to af tre mulige udfald i en fodboldkamp og reducerer dermed risikoen markant. Men bag denne tilsyneladende simple mekanik gemmer sig en r\u00e6kke strategiske overvejelser, som adskiller de erfarne spillere fra dem, der blot spiller p\u00e5 mavefornemmelse. Troldebet har gennem de seneste \u00e5r opbygget en solid forst\u00e5else for, hvordan double chance fungerer i praksis inden for det danske betting-marked, og de erfaringer er v\u00e6rd at dele med alle, der \u00f8nsker at tage deres sportsbetting mere seri\u00f8st.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Hvad double chance egentlig betyder i praksis<\/span><\/h2>\n

Double chance-markedet opstod som et svar p\u00e5 behovet for lavere risiko i fodboldv\u00e6ddem\u00e5l. I en standardkamp mellem to hold er der tre mulige udfald: hjemmesejr (1), uafgjort (X) eller udesejr (2). Double chance giver spilleren mulighed for at kombinere to af disse udfald i \u00e9t enkelt v\u00e6ddem\u00e5l. De tre kombinationer er 1X (hjemmesejr eller uafgjort), X2 (uafgjort eller udesejr) og 12 (hjemmesejr eller udesejr, alts\u00e5 at uafgjort er det eneste tabende udfald).<\/p>\n

Prisen for denne ekstra sikkerhed er naturligvis lavere odds. Hvor en hjemmesejr i en j\u00e6vnbyrdig kamp typisk giver odds p\u00e5 omkring 2,00 til 2,50, vil 1X-kombinationen i samme kamp ofte ligge p\u00e5 1,25 til 1,45. Det betyder, at spilleren skal satse langt mere for at opn\u00e5 samme absolutte gevinst. Dette er ikke n\u00f8dvendigvis en d\u00e5rlig handel \u2013 det afh\u00e6nger fuldst\u00e6ndig af den forventede sandsynlighed for de d\u00e6kkede udfald og af, om bookmakeren har prissat markedet korrekt.<\/p>\n

En central indsigt, som mange begyndere overser, er at double chance ikke automatisk er et \u201csikkert\u201d valg. Det er en reduktion af risiko, ikke en eliminering af den. Hvis man konsekvent spiller 1X p\u00e5 hold, der faktisk er klare favoritter og sj\u00e6ldent taber, men til geng\u00e6ld ofte vinder, vil man betale en un\u00f8dvendig pr\u00e6mie for en forsikring, man ikke har brug for. Omvendt kan 1X eller X2 p\u00e5 kampe med stor usikkerhed og h\u00f8j sandsynlighed for uafgjort give en reel kantvurdering, hvis bookmakerens odds ikke afspejler denne sandsynlighed pr\u00e6cist.<\/p>\n

Det danske betting-marked er reguleret af Spillemyndigheden, som fik sin nuv\u00e6rende form i 2012 efter en liberalisering af det danske marked. Siden da har licenserede operat\u00f8rer skullet overholde en r\u00e6kke krav til ansvarligt spil og gennemsigtighed. Dette har skabt et marked, hvor oddsene generelt er konkurrencedygtige, men hvor marginerne stadig varierer betydeligt fra marked til marked \u2013 og double chance er typisk et marked med relativt h\u00f8je marginer, fordi det appellerer til mere risikoaverse spillere, som bookmakererne ved er villige til at acceptere d\u00e5rligere odds.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Strategiske overvejelser bag double chance-v\u00e6ddem\u00e5l<\/span><\/h2>\n

For at anvende double chance fornuftigt er man n\u00f8dt til at forst\u00e5 begrebet \u201cvalue\u201d \u2013 alts\u00e5 at de odds, man accepterer, skal afspejle en sandsynlighed, der er h\u00f8jere end den, bookmakerens odds implicerer. Hvis en bookmaker tilbyder odds p\u00e5 1,30 for 1X, betyder det, at bookmakerens implicitte sandsynlighed for dette udfald er cirka 76,9 procent (1 divideret med 1,30). Hvis man selv vurderer sandsynligheden til 82 procent, er der value i spillet. Hvis man vurderer den til 72 procent, er der ikke.<\/p>\n

Troldebet har i sin analyse af det danske marked identificeret, at double chance s\u00e6rligt giver mening i to scenarier. Det f\u00f8rste er, n\u00e5r man spiller p\u00e5 hold med st\u00e6rk defensiv disciplin, der sj\u00e6ldent taber, men heller ikke altid vinder \u2013 typisk hold i den \u00f8verste halvdel af Superligaen eller i de store europ\u00e6iske ligaer, der spiller mod svagere modstandere p\u00e5 udebane. Her kan X2 v\u00e6re et rationelt valg, fordi sandsynligheden for, at det st\u00e6rke hold enten vinder eller spiller uafgjort, er h\u00f8j, og bookmakeren m\u00e5ske undervurderer chancen for uafgjort.<\/p>\n

Det andet scenarie er kampe med h\u00f8j grad af usikkerhed, hvor ingen af holdene er klare favoritter, og hvor statistikken over de seneste s\u00e6soner viser en h\u00f8j frekvens af uafgjorte resultater i de p\u00e5g\u00e6ldende ligaer. Eksempelvis har Serie A i Italien historisk set haft en relativt h\u00f8j andel af uafgjorte kampe sammenlignet med Premier League, som er pr\u00e6get af mere \u00e5bne kampe med klare vindere. I 2022-2023 s\u00e6sonen endte cirka 23 procent af kampene i Serie A uafgjort, mod cirka 21 procent i Premier League \u2013 en forskel, der kan have reel strategisk betydning, n\u00e5r man priss\u00e6tter 1X og X2-markeder.<\/p>\n

Det er ogs\u00e5 vigtigt at overveje, hvorn\u00e5r 12-kombinationen \u2013 alts\u00e5 at udelukke uafgjort \u2013 giver mening. Dette marked er relevant, n\u00e5r to hold er meget ulige i styrke, og uafgjort er et usandsynligt udfald, men der stadig er en vis usikkerhed om, hvem der vinder. I s\u00e5danne tilf\u00e6lde er 12-odds ofte t\u00e6t p\u00e5 1,05 til 1,10, hvilket g\u00f8r dem n\u00e6sten uinteressante fra et value-perspektiv. Dog kan de indg\u00e5 som en del af akkumulerede kuponer, hvor man \u00f8nsker at sikre sig mod overraskende uafgjorte resultater i ellers forudsigelige kampe.<\/p>\n

Et aspekt, som vores eksperter fandt<\/a> s\u00e6rligt relevant i analysen af det danske marked, er at bookmakerernes marginer p\u00e5 double chance-markeder typisk er h\u00f8jere end p\u00e5 1X2-markeder. Dette skyldes, at eftersp\u00f8rgslen er mere uelastisk \u2013 spillere, der s\u00f8ger tryghed, er mindre tilb\u00f8jelige til at shoppe rundt for de bedste odds. En gennemgang af odds fra flere licenserede danske bookmakerplatforme viser, at marginerne p\u00e5 double chance-markeder i gennemsnit ligger 1 til 2 procentpoint h\u00f8jere end p\u00e5 de tilsvarende 1X2-markeder for de samme kampe. Over tid er dette en betragtelig forskel for spillere, der satser regelm\u00e6ssigt.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Troldebet og erfaringerne fra det danske marked<\/span><\/h2>\n

Troldebet har siden sin etablering arbejdet med at kortl\u00e6gge, hvilke betting-strategier der fungerer inden for rammerne af det regulerede danske marked. En af de vigtigste indsigter er, at double chance ikke er en strategi i sig selv, men snarere et redskab, der kan indg\u00e5 i en bredere tilgang. Det er ikke nok at v\u00e6lge double chance frem for 1X2 \u2013 man skal have en klar begrundelse for, hvorfor det specifikke marked i den specifikke kamp giver bedre value end alternativerne.<\/p>\n

En konkret erfaring fra det danske marked handler om Superligaen. Denne liga er pr\u00e6get af relativt stor forskel i kvalitet mellem topholdet og bundholdet, men der er ogs\u00e5 en markant hjemmebanefordel, som statistisk set er st\u00e6rkere end i mange europ\u00e6iske topligaer. I perioden fra 2018 til 2023 vandt hjemmeholdet i Superligaen i cirka 44 procent af kampene, mens udeholdet vandt i knap 29 procent, og uafgjort forekom i cirka 27 procent af tilf\u00e6ldene. Disse tal er vigtige, fordi de afviger fra, hvad mange bookmakermodeller prim\u00e6rt er kalibreret til \u2013 nemlig de store europ\u00e6iske ligaer.<\/p>\n

Denne sk\u00e6vhed betyder, at 1X-kombinationen i Superligaen historisk set har haft en h\u00f8jere hit-rate end bookmakerernes odds har afspejlet, s\u00e6rligt for hjemmehold i midterfeltet, der m\u00f8der svagere modstandere. Det er dog vigtigt at understrege, at historiske data alene ikke er nok \u2013 man skal kombinere dem med aktuel formanalyse, skadesrapporter og taktiske overvejelser for at opn\u00e5 et reelt informationsfortrin.<\/p>\n

En anden erfaring handler om brugen af double chance i akkumulerede kuponer. Mange spillere bruger double chance som en m\u00e5de at \u201csikre\u201d akkumulatorer med mange kampe, men dette er sj\u00e6ldent en god strategi. Problemet er, at de reducerede odds p\u00e5 hvert enkelt valg akkumuleres multiplicativt, og den samlede gevinst falder dramatisk. En akkumulator med otte 1X2-valg til gennemsnitlige odds p\u00e5 1,80 giver en samlet odds p\u00e5 cirka 110. Den samme akkumulator med double chance-versioner til gennemsnitlige odds p\u00e5 1,30 giver kun en samlet odds p\u00e5 knap 8,2. Risikoreduktionen p\u00e5 hvert enkelt valg er alts\u00e5 langt fra proportional med den samlede reduktion i potentiel gevinst.<\/p>\n

Troldebet har ogs\u00e5 observeret, at det danske marked de seneste \u00e5r har set en stigning i live betting, og dette p\u00e5virker double chance-markedet p\u00e5 interessante m\u00e5der. I live betting \u00e6ndres double chance-odds l\u00f8bende i takt med kampens forl\u00f8b. Hvis et hold scorer tidligt og dermed reducerer sandsynligheden for, at det taber, vil X2-odds for det scorende hold falde markant, mens 1X-odds for det bagvedliggende hold stiger. Spillere, der forst\u00e5r kampens dynamik og kan vurdere, om et tidligt m\u00e5l afspejler reel overlegenhed eller blot tilf\u00e6ldighed, kan finde interessante muligheder i disse bev\u00e6gelser.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Disciplin og bankroll management i double chance-betting<\/span><\/h2>\n

Uanset hvilken spiltype man anvender, er disciplin og ansvarlig h\u00e5ndtering af sin bankroll afg\u00f8rende for langsigtede resultater. Dette g\u00e6lder i s\u00e6rlig grad for double chance, fordi de relativt lave odds kan skabe en falsk f\u00f8lelse af sikkerhed. Spillere, der konsekvent satser p\u00e5 double chance, kan opleve lange perioder med gevinster, efterfulgt af en enkelt d\u00e5rlig periode, der udvisker alle tidligere overskud \u2013 netop fordi de lave odds kr\u00e6ver en h\u00f8j hit-rate for at opn\u00e5 et samlet overskud.<\/p>\n

En tommelfingerregel, som erfarne spillere ofte anvender, er Kelly-kriteriet, der beregner den optimale satsningsst\u00f8rrelse baseret p\u00e5 forholdet mellem ens estimerede sandsynlighed og bookmakerens implicitte sandsynlighed. Hvis man vurderer, at 1X har en sandsynlighed p\u00e5 80 procent, og bookmakerens odds p\u00e5 1,30 implicerer 76,9 procent, er der en edge p\u00e5 3,1 procentpoint. Kelly-kriteriet ville i dette tilf\u00e6lde anbefale at satse en relativt lille andel af bankrollen \u2013 typisk 2 til 5 procent \u2013 for at maksimere den langsigtede v\u00e6kst uden at risikere ruin ved en uheldig stribe af tab.<\/p>\n

Det er ogs\u00e5 vigtigt at holde styr p\u00e5 sin historik. Mange spillere husker deres gevinster tydeligere end deres tab \u2013 et psykologisk f\u00e6nomen, der er veldokumenteret i adf\u00e6rds\u00f8konomisk forskning. Ved systematisk at registrere alle v\u00e6ddem\u00e5l, inklusive det implicitte sandsynlighedsestimat og det faktiske udfald, kan man over tid vurdere, om man faktisk har et informationsfortrin, eller om man blot har haft held. Troldebet anbefaler, at man som minimum registrerer dato, kamp, valgt marked, odds, satsningsbel\u00f8b og udfald for hvert enkelt v\u00e6ddem\u00e5l.<\/p>\n

Spillemyndigheden i Danmark stiller krav til, at licenserede bookmakerplatforme tilbyder redskaber til ansvarligt spil, herunder mulighed for at s\u00e6tte daglige, ugentlige og m\u00e5nedlige indskudsgr\u00e6nser. Disse redskaber er ikke blot en formalitet \u2013 de er et konkret hj\u00e6lpemiddel til at sikre, at betting forbliver en underholdningsaktivitet frem for et problem. Siden 2012, da det danske marked blev liberaliseret, har Spillemyndigheden arbejdet l\u00f8bende p\u00e5 at styrke disse krav, og i 2021 blev der indf\u00f8rt yderligere restriktioner p\u00e5 markedsf\u00f8ring rettet mod s\u00e5rbare grupper.<\/p>\n

Double chance er, n\u00e5r det anvendes med forstand, et legitimt redskab i den erfarne spillers arsenal. Det er ikke en genvej til gevinst, og det er heller ikke en strategi for dem, der blot \u00f8nsker at undg\u00e5 at t\u00e6nke for meget. Det er derimod et marked, der kan give value i specifikke situationer \u2013 n\u00e5r bookmakerens odds ikke korrekt afspejler sandsynligheden for de to d\u00e6kkede udfald, og n\u00e5r spilleren har en velbegrundet og datadrevet vurdering af, at disse udfald er mere sandsynlige end prissat. Med den rette tilgang, en disciplineret bankroll-strategi og en \u00e6rlig evaluering af ens egne resultater kan double chance bidrage positivt til en samlet betting-tilgang \u2013 men det kr\u00e6ver t\u00e5lmodighed, analyse og en vilje til at acceptere, at selv de bedste vurderinger ikke altid f\u00f8rer til gevinst p\u00e5 kort sigt.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u V\u1eadt l\u00fd 12 \u2013 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4 V\u1eadt L\u00fd H\u1ea1t Nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 Ph\u00f3ng X\u1ea1 2026<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1 thi h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd 12<\/span><\/h2>\n

PH\u1ea6N I. C\u00e2u tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn (3,0 \u0111i\u1ec3m).<\/strong> Th\u00ed sinh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e2u 1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 12. M\u1ed7i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00ed sinh ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 1. <\/strong>C\u00f3 ba v\u1eadt A, B, C c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 tA<\/sub>, tB<\/sub>, tC<\/sub>. Cho v\u1eadt A ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u1eadt B \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t, ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho v\u1eadt A ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u1eadt C \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t. Bi\u1ebft trong c\u1ea3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt A \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3m. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang?<\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>tA<\/sub> < tB<\/sub>. B.<\/strong> tB<\/sub> > tC<\/sub>. C.<\/strong> tB<\/sub> < tC<\/sub>. D.<\/strong> tA<\/sub> > tC<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 2. <\/strong>M\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ri\u00eang c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>C\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

B. <\/strong>C\u1ea7n \u00edt nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C. <\/strong>C\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

D. <\/strong>C\u1ea7n \u00edt nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 3. <\/strong>Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng kho\u1ea3ng 23\u2103?<\/p>\n

\"\u0111\u1ec1<\/figure>\n

A. <\/strong>Ch\u1ea5t (1). <\/strong> <\/strong><\/strong>B. <\/strong>Ch\u1ea5t (2). C.<\/strong> Ch\u1ea5t (3). D.<\/strong> Ch\u1ea5t (4).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 4. <\/strong>S\u1ef1 h\u00f3a h\u01a1i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb\u00a0<\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn sang th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng. B. <\/strong>th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng sang th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed.
C. <\/strong>th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed sang th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn. D. <\/strong>th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn sang th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 5. <\/strong>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Kelvin l\u00e0 293 K. H\u1ecfi theo thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Fahrenheit, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau? Bi\u1ebft t\u2109=1,8.t\u2103+32.<\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>261\u2109. <\/strong><\/strong> <\/strong>B. <\/strong>68\u2109. <\/strong><\/strong> <\/strong>C. <\/strong>100\u2109. <\/strong><\/strong> <\/strong>D. <\/strong>20\u2109.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 6. <\/strong>Cho ba th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u00e1p su\u1ea5t p, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch V v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i T. H\u1ec7 th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Charles?<\/p>\n

A.<\/strong> p1T1=p2T2. <\/strong><\/strong> <\/strong>B. <\/strong>p1.V1=p2.V2. <\/strong><\/strong>C. <\/strong>V1.T1=V2.T2. <\/strong><\/strong>D. <\/strong>V1T1=V2T2.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 7. <\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng<\/strong> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u1edf th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed?<\/p>\n

A.<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

B.<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng nhanh th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng cao.<\/p>\n

C.<\/strong> L\u1ef1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u1edf th\u1ec3 kh\u00ed y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

D.<\/strong> C\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean, c\u00f3 l\u00fac chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 8. <\/strong>Khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng<\/strong> \u0111\u00fang?<\/p>\n

A.<\/strong> C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau khi va ch\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n

B.<\/strong> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

C.<\/strong> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 xem ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

D.<\/strong> C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a g\u00e2y ra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 9. <\/strong>C\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00e0ng lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111i so v\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n khi c\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao?<\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>\u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n

B. <\/strong>\u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi c\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao.<\/p>\n

C. <\/strong>\u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n gi\u1ea3m \u0111i khi c\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao.<\/p>\n

D. <\/strong>\u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m khi c\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 10. <\/strong>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u00e1p th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n qu\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu ta t\u0103ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed?<\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>T\u0103ng l\u00ean. B.<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

C.<\/strong> Gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. D.<\/strong> Ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 11. <\/strong>M\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh k\u00edn ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 2 atm v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 26\u2103. \u0110\u1ec3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn<\/p>\n

A.<\/strong> 897\u2103. B.<\/strong> 78\u2103. C.<\/strong> 351\u2103. D.<\/strong> 624\u2103.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 12. <\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 32\u2103 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>6,31.10-21J. B.<\/strong> 4,72.10-22J. C.<\/strong> 5,26.10-21J. D.<\/strong> 3,29.10-21J.<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N II. C\u00e2u tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang sai (2,0 \u0111i\u1ec3m). <\/strong>Th\u00ed sinh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e2u 1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 2. Trong m\u1ed7i \u00fd a), b), c), d) \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u, th\u00ed sinh ch\u1ecdn <\/em>\u0111\u00fang<\/em><\/strong> ho\u1eb7c <\/em>sai<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 1. <\/strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111un n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n 2 kg \u0111\u1ed3ng (Copper) t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u 30\u2103. Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 1085\u2103, nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang l\u00e0 380 J\/kg.K, nhi\u1ec7t n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ri\u00eang l\u00e0 1,8.105<\/sup> J\/kg.<\/p>\n

\"\u0110\u1ec1<\/figure>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u00fang<\/strong><\/td>\nSai<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a) Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i 30\u2103 v\u00e0 h\u00f3a l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ch\u1ea1m ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y 1085\u2103.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
b) \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 2 kg \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 6,3.104<\/sup> J.\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
c) Khi n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xung quanh.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
d) Nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 nung n\u00f3ng 2 kg \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 801,8 kJ.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

C\u00e2u 2. <\/strong>M\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng gian b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 50 m3<\/sup>. V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm l\u00e0 15\u2103 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a l\u00e0 24\u2103. Cho bi\u1ebft \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i trong ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 1 atm (1,013.105<\/sup> Pa) v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mol c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 29 g\/mol.<\/p>\n

\"\u0110\u1ec1<\/figure>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u00fang<\/strong><\/td>\nSai<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a) T\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 t\u0103ng 9 K.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
b) \u1ede bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
c) S\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed c\u00f3 trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm l\u00e0 1,3.1022<\/sup> ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
d) Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 0,19 kg.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

PH\u1ea6N III. C\u00e2u tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ng\u1eafn (2,0 \u0111i\u1ec3m). <\/strong>Th\u00ed sinh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e2u 1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 4. M\u1ed7i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 0,5 \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 1.<\/strong> Khi tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb run r\u1ea9y, ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c. Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y l\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c sau khi ti\u00eau hao kho\u1ea3ng 8.105<\/sup> J n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng. Bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 truy\u1ec1n ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 4,2.105<\/sup> J. T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau MJ?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

C\u00e2u 2.<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: \u0110\u01b0a 10 gam h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf 100\u2103 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebf ch\u1ee9a 290 gam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf 20\u2103. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 40\u2103, bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t dung c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebf l\u00e0 46 J\/K, nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 4180 J\/kg.K. Nhi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a h\u01a1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 x.106<\/sup> J\/kg. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a x b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau? (k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m)<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 3.<\/strong> Nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, cylinder ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n 100 cm2<\/sup> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, piston nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y cylinder b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2 xo nh\u1eb9 c\u00f3 k = 600 N\/m b\u1ecbt k\u00edn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ec7 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb piston \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1y cylinder l\u00e0 0,5 m. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c F c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng piston t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111i l\u00ean, khi piston c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1y cylinder 1,0 m v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec F = 500 N. B\u1ecf qua ma s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a piston v\u1edbi cylinder, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean l\u00f2 xo lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb n\u00e9n. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 105<\/sup> Pa. Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 xo l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau m\u00e9t? ( K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 sau d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n)<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

C\u00e2u 4.<\/strong> V\u00e0nh nh\u1eadt hoa c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 6.105<\/sup> K. L\u1ea5y h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Boltzmann k = 1,38.10-23<\/sup> J\/mol.K. \u0110\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Helium trong v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x.10-18<\/sup> J. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a x l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? (k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi)<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

PH\u1ea6N IV. T\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn (3,0 \u0111i\u1ec3m).<\/strong> Th\u00ed sinh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u 1 v\u00e0 c\u00e2u 2.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 1 (1,5 \u0111i\u1ec3m). <\/strong>M\u1ed9t b\u00e0n \u1ee7i (h\u00ecnh a) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 xoay chi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n \u1ee7i c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 400g \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p kim ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 890 J\/kg.K. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n \u1ee7i (h\u00ecnh b) bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf Shunt (1) c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 8 \u03a9, \u0111\u00e8n b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u (2) c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 2 \u03a9, cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (3) coi nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf thu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 98,4 \u03a9. C\u1eafm b\u00e0n \u1ee7i v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf 220 V. Bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n \u1ee7i l\u00e0 22\u2103; 80% nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecfa ra tr\u00ean d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (3) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u00e0n \u1ee7i v\u00e0 b\u00e0n \u1ee7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 180\u2103.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

a. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y trong m\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau? (0,5 \u0111i\u1ec3m)<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac v\u1eeba c\u1eafm \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau? (1,0 \u0111i\u1ec3m)<\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 2 <\/strong>(1,5 \u0111i\u1ec3m).<\/em> M\u1ed9t c\u1ed1c thu\u1ef7 tinh h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 4,0 cm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1c (ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh). \u0110\u1ed1t c\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 nung n\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong c\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1edbi t1<\/sub> = 85\u2103 r\u1ed3i \u00fap v\u00e0o l\u01b0ng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n cho k\u00edn mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ed1c. Khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i th\u00ec da b\u1ecb h\u00fat ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 t0<\/sub> = 30\u2103 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 105<\/sup> Pa. B\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00ed trong c\u1ed1c do da ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

a. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 30\u2103 b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau? (0,5 \u0111i\u1ec3m)<\/em><\/p>\n

b. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u1ed1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean da b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau? (1,0 \u0111i\u1ec3m)<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/span>N\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd 12<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/td>\nN\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ec3m tra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/td>\nBao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t (C\u00e2u 1, Ph\u1ea7n I), nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ri\u00eang (C\u00e2u 2, Ph\u1ea7n I), v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt I Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc (C\u00e2u 1, Ph\u1ea7n III).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3<\/td>\nT\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed (C\u00e2u 7, Ph\u1ea7n I), kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng (C\u00e2u 8, Ph\u1ea7n I), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 h\u00f3a h\u01a1i, n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y (C\u00e2u 4, Ph\u1ea7n I; C\u00e2u 1, Ph\u1ea7n II).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed<\/td>\nNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb3ng \u00e1p (\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Charles \u2013 C\u00e2u 6, Ph\u1ea7n I; C\u00e2u 10, Ph\u1ea7n I), \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u00edch (C\u00e2u 11, Ph\u1ea7n I), v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng (C\u00e2u 2, Ph\u1ea7n II; C\u00e2u 2, Ph\u1ea7n IV).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0110\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 Thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/td>\nBao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng (C\u00e2u 12, Ph\u1ea7n I; C\u00e2u 4, Ph\u1ea7n III) v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Kelvin sang Fahrenheit (C\u00e2u 5, Ph\u1ea7n I)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

<\/span>T\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd 12 2026<\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft \u0110\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 V\u1eadt l\u00fd 12 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea2I \u0110\u1ec0 CU\u1ed0I K\u1ef2 V\u1eacT L\u00dd 12 V\u00c0 \u0110\u00c1P \u00c1N<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, g\u00f3p \u00fd t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ed7i, khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh qua Fanpage H\u1eacU H\u1eccC T\u1eacP<\/a> ho\u1eb7c T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U \u00d4N THI<\/a> nh\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 1 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda n\u0103m h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 thi cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd 12 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c \u00f4n t\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c V\u1eadt l\u00ed l\u1edbp 12, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2535,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tai-lieu-vat-ly","category-vat-ly-12"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2543"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2543\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2535"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/77.buffdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}